Web sites, just like buildings, can be designed to meet the needs of all
people, including those with disabilities. Unfortunately, most current web pages
contain major access barriers. This site was created to promote awareness about
the need for accessible web design and to steer those who wish to learn more
about the topic into the right direction. The audience for this resource guide
include public school teachers and administrators; college and university
instructors, administrators, and policy makers; distance educators; librarians;
and disability professionals.
Special conference announcement:
Skip to Table of Contents
|
Disability Services at the University of
Colorado at Boulder presents
12th Annual Accessing Higher Ground:
Accessible Media, Web and Technology Conference
for Education, for Businesses, for Web and Media
Designers
In Collaboration with AHEAD, EASI, ATHEN
November 10 - 14, 2009
Accessing Higher Ground focuses on the
implementation and benefits of Assistive Technology
in the university and college setting for sensory,
physical and learning disabilities. Other topics
include legal and policy issues, including ADA and
508 compliance, and making campus media and
information resources - including Web pages and
library resources - accessible.
For more
information,
visit the AHG 2009 Conference
Website.
|
Non-profit
Formal standards and guidelines
- W3C/WAI
- Architectural and Transformation Barrier Compliance Board (under Section 508)
- IMS Global Learning Consortium, Inc.
- CPB/WGBH National Center for Accessible Media (NCAM)
Specific Web Accessibility Aspects
Other Accessible Web Design Resources Pages
Authoring/Conversion/Repair Tools for Accessible Web Pages
For a comparison of Web accessibility validation and repair tools, see
Validation
- Firefox Accessibility Extension
by the Illinois Center for Information Technology Accessibility (iCITA) (free)
-
Bobby, which was originally developed by
CAST, is no longer
publicly available; use some of the other tools instead. If you have installed the downloadable version
on an older Windows version, keep
using it. The product that succeeded it,
WebXACT, is also no longer available. Watchfire (an IBM company), which had
acquired Bobby and then developed WebXACT, now offers a very pricy software
package called the"IBM
Rational Policy Tester Accessibility Edition" (previously the WebXM
Accessibility Module).
- Cynthia
(free online)
- Lynx Viewer
2.8.4
- Accessibility-Prompt Toolkit
(A-Prompt)
- Functional Accessibility
Evaluator (FAE) 1.0--University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (free)
-
HiSoftware Compliance Sheriff Accessibility Module (not free;
verification, repair, monitoring)
-
LIFT Machine (not free; creation, evaluation, testing, fixing, reporting)
-
Testing Web accessibility with Home Page Reader
(HPR). IBM discontinued Home Page Reader--its latest iteration was HPR
3.04--in 2006. For those who couldn't afford it, or did not have the time to
learn how to use full-fledged screenreaders (JAWS and Window-Eyes), HPR
offered an inexpensive alternative to screenreader testing. If HPR still
runs on your operating system, keep using it for evaluative purposes.
-
Adobe® Dreamweaver® CS4--use to validate websites for accessibility.
- Wave 3.0
(free)
- W3C HTML Validation Service
- W3C CSS Validator, Level 2
- Web Page Backward Compatibility Viewer
- WebSAT
- Vischeck (for color blindness and
other visual impairments)
- Other
Text-only browser (Lynx)
Talking Web Browsers
-
BrailleSurf 4 (free Internet browser for visually impaired users)
- IBM Home Page Reader
(HPR)--discontinued in 2006. Keep using it if it runs on your operating
system.
- Others
Screenreaders
Clutter-free web search tools
Others
Examples of well and poorly designed web sites
Please note: For the most part the list of examples in the subsections
below have not been recently checked.
Exeptions:
For positive examples, consult the
following site:
See it Right accessible websites directory. Web Access Centre. 12 Oct.
2004. Accessed 25 Oct. 2004.<http://www.rnib.org.uk/xpedio/groups/public/documents/PublicWebsite/public_accessiblewebsites.hcsp>.
For negative examples, check
the entries added on or after 30 Oct. 2004.
Examples of accessible sites (April 2000)
- Company Homepages
- Federal and State Government Homepages
- City- and Municipal Homepages
- College- and University Sites
- College- and University Libraries
- Library Schools (SLIS etc.)
Examples of web pages/sites with major accessibility problems
- Added 30. Oct. 2004
- Added 28. March 2002
- Added 9. Feb. 2002
- Last checked 22. Dec. 2001
- Last checked April 2000
- Universities/Colleges
- Anglia Polytechnic University (UK),
Web Guidelines
- Arizona State University,
Web
Advisory Group Standards and Guidelines Recommendation
- Oregon State University Web
Accessiblity Guidelines and Distance
Education and Individuals with Disabilities
- Regis
University Disability Services Web Accessibility Guidelines, including
the University's Web
Accessibility Policy. Accessed 28 Nov. 2000.
- California Community Colleges, Guidelines for Producing Instructional and Other Printed Materials
in Alternate Media for Persons with Disabilities.
April 2000.
- California Community Colleges, Distance
Education: Access Guidelines for Students with Disabilities. August
1999.
- WebAIM
Guidelines for Higher Education Institutions for Web Accessibility and
Universality
- George Mason University,
Web
Development at George Mason University: Accessibility
- MIT's Web Accessibility
Policy
- Harvard University. Accessibility Standards for Harvard University Web
Sites. June 2001. [Archived at
http://web.archive.org/web/20030403010310/webmaster.harvard.edu/accessibility/standards.html.};
Web Accessibility Standards. Statement from Provost's Office. 7 June 2001.
Archived at
http://web.archive.org/web/20030115233138/www.webmaster.harvard.edu/accessibility/statement.html.
- Penn State University,
Penn
State Web Accessibility Policy.
Draft. June 2003.
- San Jose State
University World Wide Web Policies and Guidelines. Draft. 7 July 1998.
- University of Albany, Center for Excellence in Teaching
& Learning, Guidelines for Instructional Web Page Developers
- University of Central Arkansas, Office of Web
Development,
Accessible Web Design
- University of Minnesota,
Accessibility of Information Technology
- Ohio State University Libraries,
Web Site Standards and Guidelines for Library Units. 29. Oct. 2002.
- University of Wisconsin
- UCLA
Web Style Guidelines, Accessibility Section. 7 June 1996.
- Libraries
-
Central
Washington Library, Library Web Administration Policy. Rev. 14 June 2003.
- Daviess County Public Library,
Website
Accessibility Policy, 2005.
- Fresno County Public Library,
Website
Accessibility Policy. Last updated 8 May 2006.
-
Maternal Child and Health Library. 2003.
- South Carolina State
Library Accessibility Policy.
Last updated 27 April 2005.
-
University Library, California State University, Long Beach. Last updated
30 July 2004.
- University Library, University of Michigan, Networked Information Steering
Committee (NISC),
Web
Accessibility/Browser Versions Task Force, Final Report and Recommendations.
March 2000. (Note, 6/22/2006: The link is no longer valid; I have emailed
the Library's "Ask Us" reference service and inquired about the document's
current status.)
- University Libraries, University of Akron,
Accessibility Guide.
Last updated 19 Nov. 2005.
- University Library at California State University, Long Beach.
CSULB Library Web
Site Policy Statement. 4 July 2004.
- University of Wisconsin Libraries,
One
System, One Library.
Strategic Directions for 2005-2007 (see Strategic Direction No. 4).
Accessibility was also addressed in the preceding document: University of Wisconsin Libraries,
Strategic Directions for 2003-2005 (see No. 5).
- Yale University Library's
Library
Services for People with Disabilities Services Policy Statement and
Web
Accessibility Guidelines. 23 May 2000.
- Libraries--Collection Development
- California State University,
Principles
for CSU Acquisition of Electronic Information Resources. Drafted 2003;
last updated 13 Oct. 2005.
- Florida Atlantic University.
Libraries Collection Development Policy: Adding Free Web/Internet Resources.
7 March 2006. Section G ("Access restrictions") includes the same statement
as cited below (see Northcentral University).
- National Information Standards Organization (NISO),
A Framework of
Guidance for Building Good Digital Collections. 2nd 2004. [Originally
prepared under the auspices of the Institute of Museum and Library Services
(IMLS) and
released on
Nov., 6 2001; collection principle 4 addresses accessibility.]
- Northcentral University.
Electronic
Collection Development Policy. No date. Section 7 ("Access
restrictions") includes the following statement: "In accordance with the
Americans with Disabilities Act, individuals with disabilities should be
able to access all services the University offers to non-disabled
individuals. Internet resources, which increase the likelihood of such
access, are preferred. Such resources may include those which provide
text-only options (i.e., for individuals using Screen Reader technology),
large print options, or audio."(Same wording as used by the Florida Atlantic
University Library listed above.)
- The National Science Digital Library.
NSDL Collection Development Policy. 10 Dec. 2007.
- University of Vermont Libraries, Electronic Resources Coordinating Council, Electronic Resources
Collection Development Policy (under section "Selection
of Web Resources," subsection "Structure." 16 June 2000.
- University of Washington, University Libraries, Selection
Guide for Internet Resources. 21 Oct. 1999; last updated 29 November 2001.
- University of Wisconsin-Platteville.
Electronic Resources Collection Development Policy. 11 July 2002.
Includes the following component: "Additional criteria to consider include:
... Evidence of progress by vendors to meet the accessibility needs of those
with disabilities."
- University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point.
Collection
Development Policy. 20 Dec. 2007. See especially see the section on
Online
Accessibility for All.
- University of
Wisconsin-Stout Learning Library: Information Resource Development Policy.10
Feb. 2006.
(see "Electronic Resources" section).
- State
- Federal: see Section 508
- Other sites listing accessible web policies
A more comprehensive list, with succinct descriptions of
the policies included, has recently been compiled by AnnMarie Johnson & Sean
Ruppert. This list is posted on a web page entitled "Known
Campus Statements on Web Accessibility." Another
more comprehensive list is provided by
Computing and Communications at the University of Washington. Paul Ryan
Bohman discusses the inadequacy of most of these policies in his article "University
Web Accessibility Policies: A Bridge Not Quite Far Enough."
Accessed
If you know of any other institutional web design policy statements (esp. ones
containing barrier-free design mandates), please let me know: aschmetz@uwsp.edu
General
- Michael Providenti and Robert Zai III, "Web
accessibility at Academic Libraries: Standards, Legislation, and
Enforcement." Library Hi Tech. 25(4): 494-508.
- Jim Thatcher, Web Compliance: Web Accessibility and Regulatory
Compliance. [Berkeley, Calif.?] : FriendsofED ; New York : distributed
by Springer-Verlag, 2006. See esp. Part III on "Worldwide Accessibility Laws
and Policies," pp. 510-580.
- Steve Noble, (guest) ed., Public Policy Issues:
Access to Information and Information Technology.
[Special-theme issue].
Information
Technology and Disabilities
9(1) 2003. Articles included:
- James Gashel, "The State of the Law on Technology and
the Blind."
- Laura Ruby, "Federal Regulation Creates Economic
Incentives for Competition, Innovation among Technology Companies."
- Diane Cordry Golden and Deborah V. Buck,
State IT Accessibility Policy: the Landsacpe of Today."
- Patricia Hendricks et al., "From Policy to Practice:
Achieving Equitable Access to Educational Technology.
"
- Melanie Brunson, "Show me the Money: Making Currency
Accessible to People Who Are Blind."
- Alison Lingane, "The Chafe Amendment: Omproving Access
to Information."
- Paul T. Jaeger, "The Importance of Accurately Measuring
the Accessibility of the Federal Electronic Government: Developing the
Research Agenda."
- Yo, Holly, "Web Accessibility and the Law:
Issues in Implementation." In Hricko, Mary (ed.)
Design and Implementation of Web-Enabled Teaching Tools.
Hershey, PA: Information Science Publishing, 2003:
1-24.
- Cynthia D. Waddell and Mark D. Urban, "An Overview of Law &
Policy for IT Accessibility: A Resource for State and Local IT Policy
Makers." International Center for Disability Resources on the
Internet. 8. June 2000. Accessed 3. Oct. 2001. <http://www.icdri.org/SL508overview.html>.
-
Disability Services: Laws and Policies in Assistive Technology.
Disabilities Services. Regis University. Accessed Nov. 9, 2001. <http://www.regis.edu/disability/laws_and_policies.htm>.
- National Council on Disability (NCD), The Accessible Future. Washington,
D.C. 21. June 2001. Accessed 3. Oct. 2001. <http://www.ncd.gov/newsroom/publications/accessiblefuture.html>.
- Judy Brewer, "Policies Relating to Web Accessibility" (U.S. and
other countries). W3C Web Accessibility Initiative. 26. Oct. 2000.
Accessed 2. Dec. 2000. <http://www.w3.org/WAI/References/Policy>.
- Cynthia Waddell, "The growing digital divide in access for people with
disabilities: overcoming barriers to participants." White paper
presented at the Understanding the Digital Economy Conference. 25.
May 1999. The International Center for Disability
Resources on the Internet (ICDRI). Accessed 10.
January 2002. <http://www.icdri.org/the_digital_divide.htm>.
- Susan Brummel Turnbull, "People with Disabilities and NII:
Breaking Down Barriers, Building Choice." Excerpted from The
Information Infrastructure: Reaching Society's Goals Report of the
Information Infrastructure Task Force Committee on Applications and
Technology. U.S. Department of Commerce, Technology Administration,
National Institute of Standards and Technology. CITA and the National
Information Infrastructure (NII) Task Force. 7. September 1994. Accessed
April 8, 2000. <http://www.itpolicy.gsa.gov/cita/sb-paper.htm>.
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
- General
-
Title II (public entities)
-
Vincent Martin, et al., on behalf of themselves
and all other disabled persons similarly situated, Plaintiffs,
v. Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority,
et al., Defendants. (United
States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia, Atlanta
Division. Action File No. 1:01-CV-3255-TWT. 7. Oct. 2002).
- Letter from Stefan Rosenzweig, Office for Civil Rights, to Chancellor
Nussbaum, California Community Colleges. DAIS Public Library. 1998.
Accessed 8. April 2000. <http://www.janejarrow.com/public_library/ocr_lof/nussbaum.html>.
-
Title III (commerce)
- Accessibility, Law and Target.com
- Access Now v. Southwest Airlines
- Jon C. Steuerwalt. "Re: Court lets Web sites off the ADA hook!"
Equal
Access to Software & Information (EASI) Archives [online discussion forum].
28. Sept. 2004. Accessed 3. Oct. 2004. <http://maelstrom.stjohns.edu/CGI/wa.exe?A2=ind0409d&L=easi&F=&S=&P=1950>.
- Declan McCullagh, "Disabilities Act doesn't cover Web, court says." CNET
News.com. 27. September 2004. Accessed 3. Oct. 2004. <http://news.zdnet.com/2100-9588_22-5384087.html>.
- Access Now, Inc. & Robert Gumson v. Southwest Airlines, Company
(United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit, D.C. Docket No.
02-21734 CV-PAS). 24. Sept. 2004. Accessed 3. Oct. 2004. <http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/data2/circs/11th/0216163p.pdf>.
- Anita Ramasastry, "Should Web-only businesses be
required to be disabled-accessible?" FindLaw. 7.
Nov. 2002. CNN.COM. Accessed 13. Nov. 2002. <http://www.cnn.com/2002/LAW/11/07/findlaw.analysis.ramasastry.disabled/index.html>.
- Jonathan Mozen, Interview with Robert Gumson. American Council of the
Blind Radio Archive. 25. Oct. 2002. Accessed 4. Oct. 2004. <http://www.acbradio.org/archives/mainmenu/mm1133.mp3>.
-
Access Now, Inc. & Robert Gumson v. Southwest Airlines, Co.
(United States District Court Southern District of Florida, 18. Oct. 2002).
Click here for an
unauthorized, but accessible version.
- National Federation of the Blind, Inc. et al. v. America Online, Inc.
Complaint. U.S. District Court for the District of Massachusetts. 4. Nov. 1999. National Federation
of the Blind. Accessed 1. Feb. 2000. <http://www.nfb.org/aolcompl.htm>.
- Gregg C. Vanderheiden, "Proposed Addition to the Record: House
Judiciary Committee Oversight Hearing on 'The Applicability of the Americans
with Disabilities Act (ADA) to Private Internet Sites.' " Trace
Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison. 17. Feb. 2000. Accessed 2. Dec.
2000.
- U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary. Hearing
Testimony Presented to Subcommittee on the Constitution. [See section:
"Oversight hearing on 'The Applicability of the Americans with
Disabilities Act (ADA) to Private Internet Sites.' "]. 9. Feb. 2000.
Accessed 14. Feb. 2000. <http://www.house.gov/judiciary/2.htm>.
-
Hricko, Mary, “Understanding Section 508 and Its Implication for Distance
Education.” In Hricko, Mary (ed.) Design and Implementation of Web-Enabled
Teaching Tools. Hershey, PA: Information Science
Publishing, 2003: 25-46.
-
Paul T. Jaeger, "Section 508 Goes to the
Library: Complying with the Federal Legal Standards to Produce Accessible
Electronic and Information Technology in Libraries." Information Technology and Disabilities.
7(2) 2001. <http://www.rit.edu/~easi/itd/itdv08n2/jaeger.html>.
-
Questions & Answers about
Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act Amendments of 1998.
The Access Board. Accessed 12. Dec. 2001. <http://www.access-board.gov/sec508/FAQ.htm>.
Compare (especially Q & A No. 3) to United States Department of Education,
Q & A. Title IV--Rehabilitation Act Amendments of 1998, Section 508:
Electronic and Information Technology. nd. Accessed 21. Oct. 2002. <http://www.usdoj.gov/crt/508/archive/deptofed.html>.
[The answer to Question 3 in the latter addresses applicability to states
under the Tech Act; in the former, this part has been dropped.]
-
New Federal Regulations Implementing Section
508 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973.
Legal Opinion M 01-17 (letter from Ralph
Black, General Counsel, Chancellor's Office, California Community Colleges,
to Superintendents and Presidents, Chief Instructional Officers, Chief
Student Services Officers, Chief Business Officers, Community College
Attorneys, DSPS Coordinators and High Tech Center Directors). 9. June 2001.
Archived at <http://www.icdri.org/legal/Ccommunity.htm>;
superseded by M 03-09 (see below).
-
New Federal Regulations Implementing section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act
of 1973. Legal Opinion M 03-09.
(Memo from Ralph Black, General Counsel, Chancellor's Office,
California Community Colleges). 20 March 2003. Accessed
22 Nov. 2003. <http://www.cccco.edu/divisions/legal/opinions/attachments/03-09.pdf>.
- Stephen L. Daigle and Sharleen H. Kim,
"Top Ten List of Frequently Asked Questions: Section 508 and CSU CIOs."
Information Technology Resources. Office of the Chancellor-California
State University. April 2001. Accessed Oct. 4, 2001. <http://www.htctu.fhda.edu/standards/Top%2010%20FAQs%2004122001.htm>.
-
California State University. Office of General Counsel, Memorandum. RE:
Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act. 20. June 2001. Accessed 3 Oct. 2001.
<http://www.csus.edu/web/accessibility/CSU_508_memo.htm>.
-
Rehabilitation Act Amendments of
1998, Section 508 (Workforce Investment Act) and the Access
Board's Electronic and Information Technology Accessibility Standards
(21. Dec. 2000).
- Carole Snee and Beth Case,
"Relevant
Legislation, Legal Documents and Publications Pertaining
to Web Accessibility." Web Accessibility Work Group.
California State University, Fresno. 15. June 2001. <http://www.csustan.edu/oit/Publications/W3C-508/WebAccess_Legal_Legislative.pdf>.
-
Information Technology Accessibility: A Status Report.
Accessed Dec. 12, 2001. <http://www.ataporg.org/sitac%20report.htm>.
-
Information Technology Access Laws And Policies: A Summary of Critical Features.
Associaton of Tech Act Projects (ATAP). Accessed Dec. 12, 2001. <
http://www.ataporg.org/summary.htm>.
See also the "Summary of State Information Technology Access
Laws and Policies" at <http://www.ataporg.org/summary.htm>.
E-Textbooks; National Instructional Materials Accessibility Standard (NIMAS)
International
- Jim Thatcher, Web Compliance: Web Accessibility and Regulatory
Compliance. [Berkeley, Calif.?] : FriendsofED ; New York : distributed
by Springer-Verlag, 2006. See esp. the section on "Accessibility Law," pp.
547-580.
- Policies Relating to Web
Accessibility. W3C-Web Accessibility Initiative. 27 July 2004.
Accessed 25 Oct. 2004. <http://www.w3.org/WAI/Policy/>.
[Probably the most comprehensive country-by-country list currently
available.]
- Irish National Disability Authority IT
Accessibility Guidelines. (Accessed Feb. 21, 2003).
- Deanie French and Leo Valdes, "Electronic
Accessibility: United States and International Perspectives." Educational
Technology Review. 10(1) 2002. Accessed June 12, 2002. <http://www.aace.org/pubs/etr/french-a.cfm>.
- Maria Cristina Sara-Serrano and John Mathiason, "United
Nations Standards and Rules." In Wolfgang F. E. Preiser and Eleaine Ostroff,
eds., Universal Design Handbook. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2001; pp.
11.1-11.10.
- Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission (Australia)--World Wide Web
Access: Disability Discrimination Act Advisory Notes, Version 2.1 (July 1998).
Yet unsorted (currently being reorganized.; please be
patient)
- Real Connections: Making Distance Learning Accessible to Everyone
Issues to consider when designing courses to fully include all students
and instructors, including those with disabilities (12 minutes).
[Format: Online/Streaming video or VHS]. DO-It. 4
March 2003. University of Washington. Accessed 11 March 2003. <http://www.washington.edu/doit/Video/real_con.html>.
- Computer Access: In Our Own Words Students with disabilities share
computer access issues and solutions and demonstrate their uses of
adaptive technology, computer applications and the Internet - a good
"awareness" piece to begin a presentation on Web access, universal design
of technology, adaptive technology overview, etc. (10 minutes).
[Format: Online/Streaming video or VHS]. DO-It.
4 March 2003. University of Washington. Accessed 11
March 2003. <http://www.washington.edu/doit/Video/comp_acc.html>.
- ENABLE: People with Disabilities and Computers.
RehabTool.com. (45 minutes). [Format: VHS or DVD]. About 2000.
Accessed 11 Marcg 2003. <http://www.rehabtool.com/video/>.
- Introduction to the Screen Reader. [Format:
Online/QuickTime video or VHS]. 11 August 2002. DoIT. University of
Wisconsin-Madison. Accessed 11 March 2003. <http://www.doit.wisc.edu/accessibility/video/>.
- Screen Readers and the Web (16 minutes). [Format: Online/QuickTime video or VHS].
11 August 2002. DoIT. University of Wisconsin-Madison. Accessed 11
March 2003. <http://www.doit.wisc.edu/accessibility/video/>.
- World Wide Access: Accessible Web Design Considerations for making
Web pages accessible to people with disabilities (11 minutes).
[Format: Online/Streaming video or VHS]. DO-It. 4 March 2003.
University of Washington. Accessed 11 March 2003.
<http://www.washington.edu/doit/Video/www.html>.
- Sheryl Burgstahler, Dan Comden, and Beth Fraser, Universal Access: Electronic
Resources in Libraries. Seattle, WA: DO-IT (Disabilities,
Opportunities, Internetworking, and Technology) at the University of
Washington, 1996. [Distributor is ALA, 1-800-545-2433. The format is a
binder with presentation material on the subject; also includes a
videotape with two presentations, which were released separately under the
following titles: World Wide Access, 1996, and Working Together:
People with Disabilities and Computer Technology, 1994.]
- Jim Thatcher, Web Compliance: Web Accessibility and Regulatory
Compliance. [Berkeley, Calif.?] : FriendsofED ; New York : distributed
by Springer-Verlag, 2006.
- Jim Ellison, Assessing the Accessibility of Fifty Federal Government
Web Pages: Using Bobby to Check on Uncle Sam. Master's Thesis. Kent
State University, 2003. [Expected to be available by May 2004].
- Joe Clark, Building Accessible Websites.
Indianapolis: New Riders, 2003.
- John M. Slatin and Sharron Rush, Maximum
Accessibility. Making your Web Site More Usable for Everyone. Boston:
Addison-Wesley, 2003.
- Emily Jackson-Sanborn, Kerri Odess-Harnish and Nikki
Warren, "Web Site Accessibility: a Study of Six Genres." Library Hi Tech.
20(3) 2002: 308-317.
- Alan Foley, "Integrating Accessible Design
into the Educational Web Design Process." Meridian: A
Middle School Computer Technologies Journal. 6 (1) Winter 2003.
Accessed 21 Nov 2003. <http://www.ncsu.edu/meridian/win2003/accessibility/index.html>.
- Alan Foley and Bob Regan,
"Web Design for Accessibility: Policies and Practice."
Educational Technology Review. 10(1) 2002. Accessed June 12, 2002. <http://www.aace.org/pubs/etr/foley.cfm>.
- Laurie Harrison and Laura O'Grady, Web Accessibility
Validation and Repair. Which Tool and Why? (Draft Report). Delivered at CSUN
2002. Adaptive Technology Resource Center. Accessed 7. May 2002. <http://snow.utoronto.ca/access/evaltoolreview/>.
- Jim Thatcher et al., Constructing Accessible Web
Sites. Glasshouse, 2002.
- Judy Brewer, ed. ,"How People with Disabilities Use the Web." World
Wide Web Consortium (W3C). 4. Jan. 2001. Accessed 10. Oct. 2001. <http://www.w3.org/WAI/EO/Drafts/PWD-Use-Web/Overview.html>.
- Judy Brewer, "Access to the World Wide Web: Technical
and Policy Perspectives." In Wolfgang F. E. Preiser and Eleaine
Ostroff, eds., Universal Design Handbook. New York: McGraw-Hill,
2001; pp. 66.1-66.13.
- Gregg Vanderheiden, "Fundamentals and
Priorities for Design of Information and Telecommunication Technologies." In
Wolfgang F. E. Preiser and Eleaine Ostroff, eds., Universal Design
Handbook. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2001; pp. 65.3-65.15.
- Michael G. Paciello, Web Accessibility for People with Disabilities.
San Francisco: CMP Books, 2000
- Robert Hess, "Can Color-Blind Users See Your Site?" Web Worshop.
MSDN Online. 2000.
Accessed 8. Dec. 2000. <http://msdn.microsoft.com/workshop/design/color/hess10092000.asp>
- "Cyber Senator Unveils Senate's First Web Site for Disabled
Internet Users." U.S. Newswire. 28. Aug. 2000. Accessed
11. Sept. 2000. <http://www.usnewswire.com/topnews/Current_Releases/0828-106.html>.
- Judy Heim, "Locking Out the Disabled." PC World.com. 1.
September 2000. Accessed 11. Sept. <http://www.pcworld.com/shared/printable_articles/0,1440,17690,00.html>.
2000.
- Carrie Johnson, "Giving the
Disabled Increased E-Access; Firms Helping Agencies Obey New Rules."
The Washington Post. Aug. 24, 2000. E 2.
- Lisa Vaas, "Web Blind spots. The Disabled Community Is Potentially a
Big Market. So Why Is It Ignored?" PCWeek Online. 2000. 10. April
2000. Accessed 25. April 2000.
- Michael G. Paciello, WebAble, Making Web Sites Accessible to People
with Disabilities. Indianapolis: IDG Books, 1999.
<http://www.zdnet.com/pcweek/stories/news/0,4153,2505714,00.html>.
- Paul Bohman, "Universal Design and Disability Access to the
Web." WebAIM. 1999. Accessed 6. April 2000. <http://www.webaim.org/articles/webnet2000>.
- Strauss, Carol (comp.), Assistive Technology: A Selective
Bibliography. National Library Service for the Blind and Physically
handicapped, Library of Congress, March 2000 (LC 19.11:00-01). [Focus is
on web page acessibility.]
- Jakob Nielsen, "Disabled Accessibility: The Pragmatic Approach."
useit.com: usable information technology . 13. June 1999. Accessed 17. Sept.1999. <http://www.useit.com/alertbox/990613.html>.
- Michelle Hinn, "Access issues in Web design: easy steps to improve
design." Tech Trends 43 (4) Sept. 1999: 19-22.
- "Selfish Reasons for Accessible Web Authoring." HTML
Writers Guild, Inc. 22. May 1999. Accessed 28. January 2000. <http://aware.hwg.org/why/selfish.html>
- Concepts and Issues in Universal Design for Learning." Center for Applied
Special Technology. 26. Jan. 1999. Accessed 19. March 1999. <http://www.cast.org/concepts/>.
- Jeanette Prasifka, "Disabled fear computer advances will ignore them." Chicago
Tribune, Oct. 19, 1998. Sect. 4, p. 8.
- Michael Moeller, "Disabling Web barriers." 12. May 1998. PCWeek Online.
Accessed 19. March 1999. <http://www.zdnet.com/pcweek/reviews/0511/11wai.html>.
- Debra Nussbaum, "Bringing the visual world of the Web to the blind." The
New York Times. 30. March 1998. E8.
- Sheryl Burgstahler, "Universal access: making electronic resources accessible to
people with disabilities is the right thing to do - and it's the law." Journal
of Telecommunications in Higher Education. Spring 1998: 18-21.
- Sheryl Burgstahler, "Making Web Pages Universally Accessible."
Computer-Mediated Communication Magazine (CMC Magazine). 5 (1)
January 1998. <http://www.december.com/cmc/mag/1998/jan/burg.html>.
- Amy M. Kautzman, "Virtuous, Virtual Access: making web pages accessible to people
with disabilities." Searcher. 6(6) June 1998: 42-49.
- Chuck Letourneau, "Accessible Web design - a definition." Starling
Access Services. 1998. Accessed 28. January 2000. <http://www.starlingweb.com/webac.htm>.
- Terry Sullivan and Krystyn Manning, "Could Helen Keller Read Your Page?"
All Things Web. 15 August 1997. Accessed 27 January 2000. <http://www.pantos.org/atw/35412.html>
- Electronic Curbcuts: How to Build an Accessible Web Site." 24 June 1997.
Accessed 29. April 1999. <http://www.prodworks.com/ilf/ecc.htm
- Axel Schmetzke, (guest) ed.,
Accessibility
of Electronic Information Resources for All.
[Special-theme Issue].
Library Hi Tech 25. (4)
2007.
- Axel Schmetzke, "Introduction: Accessibility of Electronic Information
Resources for all." 454-456.
-
David Comeaux and Axel
Schmetzke, "Web Accessibility Trends in University Libraries and Library
Schools." 457-477.
- Michael Providenti and Robert Zai III, "Web
Accessibility at Kentucky's Academic Libraries." 478-493.
- Michael Providenti and Robert Zai III, "Web
accessibility at Academic Libraries: Standards, Legislation, and
Enforcement." 494-508.
- Suzanne L. Byerley, Mary Beth Chambers, and
Mariyam Thohira, "Accessibility of Web-based Library Databases: the
Vendors' Perspectives in 2007 ". 509-527.
-
Axel Schmetzke,"Leadership at the American Library Association and
Accessibility—a Critical View." 528-537.
Also available at
http://library.uwsp.edu/aschmetz/Accessible/ALA_article2007.htm.
- Axel Schmetzke, "Accessibility of Online Library Information for
People with Disabilities." In Mehdi Khosrow-Pour, ed., Encyclopedia
of Information Science and Technology I-V. 2nd ed. Hershey, PA: Idea
Group. In press. [This is a review article.]
- Axel Schmetzke, "Access to Online Resources for All: The Role of
Policy and Policy Change." Interface. 27(4) 2005: 4-5, 11. Also
available at:
http://www.ala.org/ala/ascla/asclapubs/interface/archives/contentlistingby
/volume27/accesstoonlinelibraryresources/policychange.htm.
- Axel
Schmetzke,"Web
Accessibility at University of Wisconsin Libraries."
Wisconsin Association of Academic
Librarians (WAAL) Newsletter. 22(3) 2005: 5-9. Available at
http://www.wla.lib.wi.us/waal/newsletter/223.html#webaccess.
- Ron Stewart, Vivek Narendra and Axel Schmetzke,
"Accessibility and Usability of Online Library Databases," Library Hi
Tech 23(2), 2005: 265-286.
- Olivia M. Hausen, Barrierefreie netzbasierte Informations- und
Lernumgebung von Hochschulen für Menschen mit Behinderungen. Unter
besonderer Berücksichtigung von Designanforderungen an die Webpräsenz
sowie deren mögliche Umsetzung. (Magisterarbeit). Universität des
Saarlandes. Fachrichtung Informationswissenschaft. July 2005. Available
at
library.uwsp.edu/aschmetz/Accessible/guests/MA_OliviaH.pdf.
- Terry Thompson, "Information technology Accessibility in Higher
Education: Research and Promising Practices." Educause Center for
Applied Research (ECAR) Research Bulletin. Issue 12. June 7, 2005:
1-11.
- Axel Schmetzke, "Digitization of Library Information and its
Accessibilty for People with Disabilities." In Mehdi Khosrow-Pour, ed.,
Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology I-V. Hershey,
PA: Idea Group: 2005. Vol. 2: 800-805.
- B. Kelly, L. Phipps and E. Swift, "Developing
A Holistic Approach For E-Learning Accessibility," Canadian
Journal of Learning and Technology, Vol. 30, Issue 3, Autumn 2004.
Also available at
http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/web-focus/papers/cjtl-2004/.
- Martin E. Blair, Hilary Goldmann, and Joy Relton, "Accessibility of
Electronically Mediated Education: Policy Issues." Assistive
Technology. 16(2) 2004: 85-93. An online version of this article,
under the title "Access to Electronically-Mediated Education for
Students with Disabilities: Policy Issues" is posted at the Web site of
the National Center on Disability and Access to Education. Accessed
October 15, 2004. <http://ncdae.org/papers/policy.htm>.
- Scott Carlson, "Left Out Online." Chronicle of Higher Education. 50
(40), June 11, 2004: A 23-A25. Available online at
http://chronicle.com/free/v50/i40/40a02301.htm (accessed 21 June,
2004).
- Linda L. Walling, "Educating Students to Serve Information Seekers
with Disabilities." Journal of Education for Library and Information
Science 45(2), 2004: 137-48.
- Brian Hardy, Norman Coombs, and Richard Banks, "Practical tips to
support faculty providing accessible electronic content." CSUN.
Technology and People with Disabilities Conference, March 18 2004. Equal Access to Software and Information ( EASI). Accessed March 28,
2004. <http://easi.cc/conference/csun2004/csuncast/Hardy.htm>.
- Paul Ryan Bohman, "University Web Accessibility
Policies: A Bridge Not Quite Far Enough." WebAim. 5 January 2004.
Accessed 7 March 2004. <http://www.webaim.org/coordination/articles/policies-pilot>.
- Suzanne
Byerley and Mary Beth Chambers, "Accessibility of Web-based Library Databases: the Vendors’
Perspectives." Library Hi Tech. 21(3) 2003: 347-357.
- Cheryl H. Kirkpatrick, "Getting Two for the Price
of One: Accessibility and Usability." Computers in Libraries. 2003
21(1): 26-29.
- Ron Stewart, Accessibility of Online
Databases A Usability Study of Research Databases.
14. January, 2003. Accessed 30. June 2003. <http://tap.oregonstate.edu/research/ahg.htm>.
- Axel Schmetzke, “Web Accessibility at
University Libraries and Library Schools: 2002 Follow-Up Study.” In Mary
Hricko, ed.,
Design and Implementation of Web-Enabled Teaching Tools.
Hershley, PA: Idea Group Publishing, 2003.
(Actually published: Nov. 2002): 145-189.
- Jeffrey Senge, Steve Noble and Alison Lingane, "Electronic
Textbooks for On-Campus and Off-Campus Learning. " Equal Access to
Software and Information (EASI). 2002. Accessed 3. Nov. 2002 <http://easi.cc/media/ebookppr.htm>.
- Paul T. Jaeger, "Section 508 Goes
to the Library: Complying with the Federal Legal Standards to Produce
Accessible Electronic and Information Technology in Libraries."
Information Technology and Disabilities. 7(2) 2001.
<http://www.rit.edu/~easi/itd/itdv08n2/jaeger.html>.
- David Sloan, Peter Gregor, Paul Booth and Lorna
Gibson, "Auditing Accessibility of UK Higher Education Web Sites."
Interacting with Computers. 12, 2002: 313-325.
- Axel Schmetzke, (guest) ed., "Accessibility
of Web-Based Information Resources for People with Disabilities"
[Special-theme Issue--Part II].
Library Hi Tech 20 (4)
2002. Articles included:
- Axel Schmetzke, "Introduction."
397 - 398.
- Steve Noble, "Web access and the law: a
public policy framework." 399 - 405.
- Holly Yu, "Web accessibility and the law:
recommendations for implementation." 406 - 419.
- Sheryl Burgstahler, "Distance learning: the
library's role in ensuring access to everyone."
420 - 432.
- Laurie Harrison, "Access to online learning:
the role of the courseware authoring tool developer."
433 - 440.
- AnnMarie Johnson and Sean Ruppert,
"An evaluation of accessibility in online learning management
systems." 441 - 451.
- Jo Ann Oravec, "Virtually accessible:
empowering students to advocate for accessibility and support universal
design." 452 - 461.
- Axel Schmetzke, (guest) ed., "Accessibility
of Web-Based Information Resources for People with Disabilities"
[Special-theme Issue--Part I].
Library Hi Tech 20 (2)
2002. Articles included:
- Axel Schmetzke, "Accessibility of Web-based
information resources for people with disabilities" (Guest editorial).
135-136.
- Valerie Lewis and Julie Klauber, "[Image] [Image]
[Image] [Link] [Link] [Link]: inaccessible Web design from the perspective
of a blind librarian." 137-140.
- Robert Axtell and Judith M.
Dixon, "Voyager 2000: a review of accessibility
for persons with visual disabilities." 141-147.
- Susan M. Johns, "Viewing
the sunrise: iPac 2.0 accessibility." 148-161.
- Vibiana Bowman, "Reading between the lines:
an evaluation of WindowEyes screen reader as a reference tool for teaching
and learning." 162-168.
- Suzanne L. Byerley and
Mary Beth Chambers, "Accessibility and usability
of Web-based library databases for non-visual users."
169-178.
- Cheryl A. Riley, "Libraries,
aggregator databases, screen readers and clients with disabilities."
179-187.
- Sarah K. McCord,
Linda Frederiksen and Nicole Campbell,
"An accessibility assessment of selected Web-based health
information resources." 188-198.
- Jennifer Horwath, "Evaluating opportunities
for expanded information access: a study of the accessibility of four
online databases." 199-206.
- Bryna Coonin, "Establishing accessibility
for e-journals: a suggested approach." 207 - 220.
- Dagmar Amtmann, Kurt Johnson
and Debbie Cook, "Making Web-based tables
accessible for users of screen readers." 221-231.
- Axel Schmetzke, “The Accessibility of Online
Library Resources for People with Print Disabilities: Research and
Strategies for Change.” Computers Helping People with Special Needs.
Proceedings of the 8th International ICCHP Conference, 15.-20. July
2002, Linz, Austria. Berlin: Springer Verlag, 2002:
390-397. Available online at
http://library.uwsp.edu/aschmetz/pubs/ICCHP2002.htm.
- Norman Coombs, "Electronic Ramp to Success:
Designing Campus Web Pages for Users with Disabilities." Educause
Quarterly No. 2 2002: 45-51. Accessed 13. Sept. 2002 <http://www.educause.edu/ir/library/pdf/eqm0226.pdf>.
- JSTOR and Accessibility. JSTOR. 24. May 2002.
Accessed 24. May, 2002. <http://www.jstor.org/about/accessibility.html>.
- Jenny Craven, "Electronic Access for All:
awareness in creating accessible web sites for the university library."
Digital Media Access Group. 10. January
2002 (first published by Disability and Information Systems in
Higher Education (DISinHE) 28th July 2000, and amended 18th October 2000).
Accessed 17 Feb. 2002. <http://www.dmag.org.uk/resources/casestudies/cravenfull.asp>.
- Julie Still, ed. Creating Web-Accessible
Databases: Case Studies for Libraries, Museums, and Other Nonprofits.
Medford. N.J.: Information Today, 2001.
- Assistive Technology in Higher Education Survey Report.
Assistive and Information Technology. North
Carolina State University. September 2001. Accessed 5. Oct.
2001. <http://www.ncsu.edu/it/dss/survey_report.html>.
- Susie Christensen, "How We Work to Make the Web
Speak." Computers in Libraries. 21(9) 2001: 30-35. Available
electronically at
http://www.infotoday.com/cilmag/oct01/christensen.htm. [Accessed 23.
November 2003].
- Cheryl H. Kirkpatrick and Catherine Buck Morgan, "How
We Renovated Our Library, Physically and Electronically, for Handicapped
Patrons." Computers in Libraries. 21(9) 2001:
24-29.
- Axel Schmetzke, "Online Distance Education--'anytime,
anywhere' but not for everyone,"
Information Technology and
Disabilities.
7(2) 2001. <http://www.rit.edu/~easi/itd/itdv07n2/contents.htm>.
- Suzanne L. Byerley, "Usability
testing and students with visual disabilities: building electronic curb
cuts into a library Web site." Colorado
Libraries. 27(3): 22-24.
-
Axel Schmetzke, "Web Accessibility at University Libraries and
Library Schools." Library Hi Tech. 19(1) 2001: 35-49.
- Andrea Foster, "Colleges focus on making web sites work for
people with disabilities." Chronicle of Higher Education. 26.
January 2001. Accessed 31. January 2001. <http://chronicle.com/free/2001/01/2001012601t.htm>.
- Sharon E. Farb, "Universal Design and the Americans with Disabilities Act: Not All Systems Are Created Equal—How
Systems Design Can Expand Information Access."
ALCTS Newsletter Online. 11(3) 2000.
Accessed 17. Feb. 2002. <http://www.ala.org/alcts/alcts_news/v11n3/gateway_pap16.html>
- Cyndi Rowland, Accessibility of the Internet in Postsecondary
Education: Meeting the Challenge. Universal Web Accessibility
Symposium 2000, WebNet World Conference on the WWW and Internet, San
Antonio Texas, 31. Oct. 2000. Accessed 26. Sept. 2000. <http://www.webaim.org/articles/meetchallenge>.
- Norman Coombs, "Enabling Technologies. Untangling Your Web."
Library Hi Tech.
18(1) 2000: 93-96.
- Barbara T. Mates, Adaptive Technology for the Internet: Making Electronic
Resources Accessible to All. Chicago: American Library Association,
2000. Free online version at
http://www.ala.org/editions/openstacks/insidethecovers/mates/mates_toc.html.
- Kinnell, Margaret, Yu, Liangzhi, and Creaser, Claire. Public
library services for visually impaired people: report to the Library and
Information Commission. Loughborough University, Library and Information
Statistics Unit (LISU), 2000. Chapter
14: Accessible library websites: design for all.
- Tom Vincent and Peter Whalley, "The Web: enabler or
disabler?" Marc Eisenstadt and Tom Vincent, ed., The Knowledge
Web. Leraning and Collaborating on the Web. London: Kogan Page,
2000: p. 31-45.
- Sally A. Guthrie, "Making the World Wide Web accessible to all
students." Journal of Mass Communication Educator. 55 (1)
Spring 2000: 14-23.
- Erica B. Lilly and Connie van Fleet, "Wired But Not Connected:
Accessibility of Academic Library Home Pages." The Reference
Librarian. No. 67/68. 1999: 5-28.
- Tom McNulty, ed., Accessible Libraries on Campus. A Practical Guide for
the Creation of Disability-Friendly Libraries. Chicago:
ACRL-ALA, 1999.
- D. Michelle Hinn, "Evaluating the accessibility of
Web-Based Instruction for Students with Disabilities." Proceedings of
Selected Research and Development. Papers presented at the National Convention
of the Association for Educational Communications and Technology [AECT].
(Houston, Texas, Febrary 10-14, 1999), ed. Kristin E. Sparks and Michael
Simonson. ERIC: ED436128.
- P. Brophy and J. Craven, The Integrated Accessible
Library: A model of service development for the 21st
century. British Library Research & Innovation Report 168
CERLIM, 1999. ISBN: 0 9535343 1 6.
- H. Brazier and S. Jennings, "Accessible website
design." Library Technology. 4 (1), 1999.
- Veronica Rouse, "Making the WEB Accessible." Computers in
Libraries. 19(6) 1999: 48-50.
- Claudia P. Flowers, Marty Bray and Robert F. Algozzine,
"Accessibility of Special Education Program Home Pages." Journal
of Special Education Technology. 14 (2) 1999: 21-26.
- Kristen L. Garlock and Sherry Piontek, Designing Web Interfaces to Library
Services and Resources. Chicago: American Library Association, 1999.
- Carol A. Casey, "Accessibility in the virtual library: creating equal opportunity
Web sites." Information Technology and Libraries. 18(1) March 1999:
22-25.
- Mary Minow, "Does your library's Web page violate the Americans with Disabilities
Act?" Mary Minow's map to library law homepage. [originally
printed in California Libraries, 1999.] April 1999. Accessed 29. April 1999.
<http://www.librarylaw.com/ADAWebpage.html>.
- Jeffrey R. Young, "For students with disabilities, the web can be like a classroom
without a ramp." Chronicle of Higher Education. 44 (27) 3. March 1998:
A31.
- Tom Vincent and Peter Whalley, "The Web: enabler or disabler."
Marc Eisenstadt and Tom Vincent, eds., The Knowledge Web. Learning and
Collaborating on the Web. London: K. Page; Sterling, VA: Stylus Pub.,
1998/2000: 31-45.
- Beth Fraser, Dan Comden and Sheryl Burgstahler, "Including users with disabilities:
designing library web sites for accessibility." Choice. 35 (Supplement).
1998: 35-37.
- Beth Fraser, Dan Comden and Sheryl Burgstahler, "Universal access:
designing and evaluating web sites for accessibility." Choice.
34 (Supplement). 1997: 19-22.
- Kristie Edwards, Isabel Van Mele, Mieke Verheust and Arthur Spaepen,
"Evaluation of User Interface Design to Optimize Access to Library
Databases for People Who Are Motor Impaired." Information Technology and
Libraries. Dec. 1997: 175-181.
- Camela Cunningham and Norman Coombs, Information access and adaptive technology.
Phoenix, AZ: American Council on Education, Oryx Press, 1997. [Particularly
relevant is Chapter 11: The information highway and the information hungry.]
- Judith Dixon, "Levelling the road ahead: guidelines for the creation of WWW pages
accessible to blind and visually handicapped users." Library Hi Tech.
14(1) 1996: 65-68.
Accessibility and Purchasing/Procurement
Accessibility of Internet search engine interfaces
Courseware
- American Foundation for the Blind, Distance Learning: How Accessible
are Online Educational Tools. November 2008. Accessed 28. Jan 2008.
<http://www.afb.org/Section.asp?SectionID=3&TopicID=138&DocumentID=4492>.
- Chris Cann, Simon Ball and Allan Sutherland, "TechDisTowards Accessible
Virtual Learning Environments." TechDis.
January 2003? Accessed
26. Sept.
2003. <http://www.techdis.ac.uk/resources/VLE001.html>.
- Laurie Harrison, "Inclusion in an Electronic Classroom - 2000:
The Role of the Courseware Authoring Tool Developer." SNOW
(Special Needs Opportunity Windows). University of Toronto.
Accessed 29. April 2001. <http://snow.utoronto.ca/initiatives/access_study/ATrec.html>.
- "Inclusion in an Electronic Classroom - 2000." SNOW
(Special Needs Opportunity Windows). University of Toronto. Accessed 22. Feb. 2001. <http://snow.utoronto.ca/initiatives/oltproposal.html>.
- AnnMarie Johnson and Sean Ruppert,
"An evaluation of accessibility in online learning management
systems." Libery Hi Tech.
20(4) 2002: 441 - 451.
- Judith Norton, "Universal accessibility." Professional
Development Newsletter. California Virtual Campus. October
2000. Accessed 7 Jan. 2001. [see comments on Blackboard, WebCT and
eCollege towards the end of the article]. <http://pdc.cvc.edu/newsletter/content.asp?page=68>.
- Bruce Landon, Randy Bruce and Amanda Harby, Online educational delivery
applications: a web tool for comparative analysis. Center for
Curriculum Transfer & Technology. 1998. Last revised 6. April 2001. Accessed 28.
April 2001. [accessibility is one evaluation criterion].
- Murray Rowan, "WebCT Accessibility." Adriadne.
Issue 23. 22. March 2000. <http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue23/disinhe/>.
- Greg Gay, Laurie Harrison, Jan Richardson and Jutta Treviranus,
"Courseware Accessibility Study - 1999." Centre for Academic and Adaptive Technology (ATRC),
University of Toronto; accessed 29. April 2001. <http://snow.utoronto.ca/initiatives/crseval/crseval.html>.
Click here for a
summary of the findings.
- Tom Vincent, Ann Wilkinson and Debbie Sapsed, ed., "Guidelines
for accessible courseware." Disability and Information Systems in
Higher Education (DISinHE). 2. Jan. 1999; accessed 4. Dec. 2000. <http://www.disinhe.ac.uk/library/article.asp?id=24>.
- D. Michelle Hinn, "Evaluating the Accessibility of
Web-Based Instruction for Students with Disabilities." Proceedings of
Selected Research and Development. Papers presented at the National Convention
of the Association for Educational Communications and Technology [AECT].
(Houston, Texas, February 10-14, 1999), ed. Kristin E. Sparks and Michael
Simonson. ERIC: ED436128.
- Martin E. Blair, Hilary Goldmann, and Joy, Relton, "Access to
Electronically-Mediated Education for Students with Disabilities: Policy
Issues." National Center on Disability and Access to Education.
2004. Accessed May 4, 2004. <http://ncdae.org/papers/policy.htm>.
- Curtis D. Edmonds, Providing Access to Students with Disabilities in
Online Distance Education: Legal, Technical, and Practical
Considerations. 10th Annual International Distance Education
Conference, January 21-24, 2003. Accessed 30 March 2004. <http://www.cdlr.tamu.edu/dec_2003/decProceedings/7-Edmunds-Providing%20Access%20to%20Students%20with%20Disabilities1.pdf>.
- Sheryl Burgstahler, "Distance Learning:
The Library's Role in Ensuring Access to Everyone." Library Hi Tech.
To be published in 20 (4)
(2002).
- Sheryl Burgstahler, "Distance Learning, Universal Design, Universal
Access." Educational Technology Review. 10(1) 2002. Accessed June
12, 2002. <http://www.aace.org/pubs/etr/burgstahler.cfm>.
-
Christine Opitz, "Online Course Accessibility: A Call for Responsibility and
Necessity." Educational Technology Review. 10(1) 2002. Accessed June 12, 2002.
<http://www.aace.org/pubs/etr/foley.cfm>.
- Special Issue on "Distance Education and Disability"
in Information Technology and Disabilities.
8(1) 2002. Contributions include:
- Sheryl Burgstahler, "Universal Design of
Distance Learning."
- Robin A. Cook and Marsha A. Gladhart,
"A Survey of Online Instructional Issues and Strategies for
Postsecondary Students with Learning Disabilities."
- Katarina T. Schenker and Lawrence A. Scadden,
"The Design of Accessible Distance Education Environments That Use
Collaborative Learning."
- G. Denise Lance, "Distance Learning and
Disability: A View From the Instructor’s Side of the Virtual Lectern."
- Thomas J. Tobin, "Issues in Preparing
Visually Disabled Instructors to Teach Online: A Case Study."
- Rainer Ommerborn and Rudolf Schuemer,
Behinderung und Fernstudium. Eine Bestandsaufnahme. Hagen,
Germany: FernUniversität-Gesamthochschule in Hagen,
Zentrales Institute für Fernstudienforschung (ZIFF) [Central Institute
for Distance Education Research], January 2002. <http://www.fernuni-hagen.de/ZIFF/behfs3.pdf>.
[Text of this book is in German; translated title "Disability and
Distance Study. An overview"].
- Rainer Ommerborn and Rudolf Schuemer, "Using
Computers in Distance Study. Results of a Survey amongst Disabled
Distance Students." Hagen, Germany: FernUniversität-Gesamthochschule in
Hagen, Zentrales Institute für Fernstudienforschung (ZIFF) [Central Institute
for Distance Education Research], July 2001.
<http://www.fernuni-hagen.de/ZIFF/ommsch4.doc>.
- Art Blaser, "Distance Learning--Boon or Bane?" Ragged
Edge Online, Issue 5, September 2001.<http://www.raggededgemagazine.com/0901/0901ft1.htm>.
- George Lorenzo, "Learning Anytime, Anywhere ... for Everyone? Making
Online Learning Accessible." Distance Education Report. 5(11) 2001:
1, 3.
- Axel Schmetzke, "Online Distance Education--'anytime, anywhere'
but not for everyone," Information Technology and Disabilities.
7(2) 2001. <http://www.rit.edu/~easi/itd/itdv07n2/contents.htm>.
- Axel Schmetzke, "Distance Education, Web-Resources and
Compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act." In
Hugh A. Thompson, ed. Crossing the Divide. Proceedings of the
Tenth National Conference of the Association of College and Research
Libraries, March 15-18, Denver, Colorado. Chicago: Association of
College and Research Libraries, 2001: 137-142. Also
available at <http://www.ala.org/ala/acrl/acrlevents/schmetzke.pdf>.
- Laurie Harrison, "Accessible web-based distance education:
principles and best practices." Centre for Academic and Adaptive
Technology (ATRC), University of Toronto. 5. Nov. 1999; accessed 4. Dec.
2000. <http://www.utoronto.ca/atrc/rd/library/papers/accDistanceEducation.html>.
- B. Walden, C. Rowland and P. Bohman, Year One Report.
Learning Anytime Anywhere for Anyone. Unpublished report to the U.S.
Department of Education, FIPSE/LAAP. 2000. [For a brief summary of the authors'
accessibility findings see Cyndi Rowland, Accessibility of the Internet in
Postsecondary Education: Meeting the Challenge. Universal Web Accessibility
Symposium 2000. Web Net World Conference on the WWW and Internet, San Antonio
Texas, 31. Oct. 2000; accessed 26. Sept. 2000. <http://www.webaim.org/articles/meetchallenge>.
- Califonia Community Colleges, Distance
Education: Access Guidelines for Students with Disabilities. August
1999.
- Dan Carnevale, "Colleges strive to give disabled students
access to on-line courses." Chronicle of Higher Education.
46 (10), 29. Oct. 1999. A69-A70. Also available at <http://chronicle.com/free/v46/i10/10a06901.htm>.
- David Kessler and Barbara Keefe, "Going the distance." American
School and University. 71(11) July 1999: 44-46.
- Ron Stewart, "Distance education and individuals with
disabilities." Paper presented at the 1999 CSUN conference. 21
Dec. 1998. Accessed 8. Jan. 2001. <http://www.dinf.org/csun_99/session0179.html>.
Reprinted in Information Technology and Disabilities. 1999. 6 (1-2).
Available at http://www.rit.edu/~easi/itd/itdv06n1/article3.html.
- Lawrence G. Miller et al., "Overcoming barriers for "niche"
learners through distance education." Catalyst. 1999. 28
(1): 14-16.
- Rainer Ommerborn, Distance
study for the disabled. National and international experience and
perspectives. Hagen, Germany: FernUniversität; Institute for
Research into Distance Education, 1998. ERIC document: ED422516.
[in-depth discussion, with focus on Europe; somewhat dated: e.g.
ref. to Sect. 504 but not ADA; barely touches on online media;
for a more recent discussion see Ommerborn and Scheumer, 2002, cited above].
- Klaus Hofmann and Rainer Ommerborn, Studium trotz
Behinderung: ein Ratgeber [transl.: College attendance despite
disability: a guide], München: Beck, 1997. [Text is in German. Particularly
relevant is Chapter 4, which deals with the significance of distance
learning for people with disabilities.]
- Leonard Valore and Grover E., The
effectiveness and acceptance of home study. Washington, D.C.:
National Home Study Council, 1987. Available as ERIC document ED 283050.
Digital
Collections/Repositories/Depositories
Electronic Textbooks
-
Cynthia D. Waddell, "Electronic textbooks: US accessibility
laws & issues." CSUN. Technology and People with Disabilities Conference,
March 18 2004. Equal Access to Software and Information ( EASI).
Accessed March 28, 2004. <http://easi.cc/conference/csun2004/csuncast/Waddell.htm>.
-
Jeffrey C. Senge, "A four year report card on AB-22:
California's postsecondary accessible textbook legislation." CSUN. Technology
and People with Disabilities Conference, March 18 2004. Equal Access to
Software and Information ( EASI). Accessed March 28, 2004. <http://easi.cc/conference/csun2004/csuncast/Senge.htm>
Google's Library Project
Accessibility of PDF, Powerpoint and Flash
- Sean Keegan, "Creating accessible Adobe PDF documents: authoring
techniques for accessible electronic materials." CSUN. Technology and People
with Disabilities Conference, March 18 2004. Equal Access to Software and
Information ( EASI). Accessed March 28, 2004. <http://easi.cc/conference/csun2004/csuncast/keagan.htm>.
- Read aloud those dreaded PDF files with PDFAloud! Spectronics-Inclusive
Learning Technologies. 1. March 2003. Accessed 3. March 2003. <http://www.spectronicsinoz.com/library.asp?article=14343>.
Click
here for a discussion of this article in the EASI listserv March 2003, week
1).
- Creating accessible PDFs. Discussion thread in the EASI listserv. February
2003, week 4. Accessed 3. March 2003. <http://maelstrom.stjohns.edu/CGI/wa.exe?A1=ind0302d&L=easi#2>.
- Kathy H. Konicek, Joy M. Hyzny and Richard. P. Allegra,
"Electronic Reserves: The Promise and Challenge to Increase Accessibility."
Library Hi Tech (in preparation).
- Janina Sajka and Joe Roeder, PDF and Public Documents: A White Paper. 25. April 2002.
American Foundation for the Blind.
Accessed 2. May 2002. <http://www.afb.org/info_document_view.asp?documentid=1706>.
- Paul Bohman, "How to Create Accessible Acrobat PDF files." Web Aim.
21. April 2002. Accessed 18. Nov. 2002. <http://www.webaim.org/howto/acrobat>.
- Duff Johnson, Challenges in Section 508 compliance for PDF files. 2002.
Document Solutions. Accessed 3. March 2003 <http://www.document-solutions.com/PDF/accessibility-seyboldny2002.pdf>.
[Note: title page is completely imaged-based; following pages are text-based.]
- Documents/information provided by Adobe
- Scott Traylor and Bob Regan, "An approach to electronic book delivery
using marcomedia flash." CSUN. Technology and People with Disabilities
Conference, March 18 2004. Equal Access to Software and Information (
EASI). Accessed March 28, 2004. <http://easi.cc/conference/csun2004/csuncast/traylor.htm>.
- Hi-Caption™ SE for use with Macromedia® Flash™ and the Hi-Caption Viewer
Component. HiSoftware. 2003. Accessed 29 May 2003.
<http://www.hisoftware.com/hmccflash/index.html>.
- Bob Regan's
Macromedia Weblog (for Flash
assessibility and more). Accessed 15 May 2003.
- Interview with Bob Regan: "Introduction to Accessible Flash." (Part
One and Part Two). EASI. Feb.
2003. Accessed Feb. 22, 2003. <http://easi.cc/media/flashp1.htm>.
- Jacob Nielsen, "Making Flash Usable for Users With Disabilities." Jakob
Nielsen's Website. 14 Oct. 2002. Accessed 23 Dec. 2002. <http://www.useit.com/alertbox/20021014.html>.
- Lisa Delgado, "Flash News
Flash: It's Accessible." Wired News. 23 April 2002.
Accessed 2. May 2002. <http://www.wired.com/news/culture/0,1284,51638,00.html>.
- Carolyn Duffy Marsan, "Flash Upgrade Improves Web
Accessibility." Network World Fusion. 3. April 2002. Accessed 2. May
2002. <http://www.nwfusion.com/news/2002/0304flash.html>.
- Macromedia Flash MX Accessibility Overview. 1995-2002.
Macromedia. Accessed 2. May 2002. <http://www.macromedia.com/macromedia/accessibility/features/flash/overview/>.
- For a probably more critical perspective, look at the
pertinent contributions to the W3C-WAI Interest Group Forum and to the EASI
listserv archived at <
http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/w3c-wai-ig/>
and at <http://maelstrom.stjohns.edu/archives/easi.html>,
respectively.
For example:
Online Survey Tools
- Karen Mardahl and Lisa Pappas, "Seeking an Accessible
and Usable Survey Tool." The UPA Voice. April 2007.
Usability Professionals'
Association. Accessed 2. Nov. 2007.
<http://www.upassoc.org/upa_publications/upa_voice/volumes/2007/april/access.html>.
[Contrasts Survey Monkey (currrently inaccessible) with Survey Giszmo
(accessible).]
- SurveySolution 6 Professional by Perseus Development
Corporation. The
SurveySolution 6 Manual (2004, p. 7) states that SurveySolution 6
Professional is compliant with Section 508. In June 2006, Perseus merged
with WebSurveyor and formed a new combined company: Vovici (see below).
-
Vovici--waiting for a response from its customer services people
(contacted Nov. 5, 2007).
- SelectSurvey.NET and SelectSurvey.ASP by ClassApps.
According to the company, both products contain a "fully 508 compliant code
base." The Voluntary Product Accessibility Templates (VPAT) for Section 508,
Subpart B, § 1194.22 (Web-based Intranet and Internet information and
applications) are available at
http://www.classapps.com/SelectSurveyNET_VPAT.pdf and
http://www.classapps.com/SelectSurveyASP_VPAT.pdf, respectively.
Computer use and adaptive technology
- Anne Little and Kathleen Millington, "Finding
Our Way Through the Maze of Adaptive Technology."
Computers in Libraries. 21(9) 2001: 44-47.
- Catherine S. Fichten, Jennison V. Asuncion and Maria
Barile, Computer and Information Technologies: Resources for the
Postsecondary Education of Students with Disabilities. Final report to the
Office of Learning Technologies. Fall 2001. ADAPTECH. Accessed 9. Feb. <
http://www.adaptech.org/pubs/olt01>.
- Jared Smith, Accessibility of Online Chat Programs.
WebAim. Accessed 9. Feb. 2002. , <http://www.webaim.org/articles/chats>.
- Diane Cordry Golden, Instructional Software Accessibility: A Status Report. Associaton of Tech Act Projects (ATAP).
Oct. 2001. Accessed 12. Dec. 2001. <http://www.ataporg.org/software%20accessibility%20survey.htm>.
- Joseph J. Lazzaro, Adaptive Technologies for Learning and Work
Environments. Chicago: American Library Association, 2001. Available
in print and CD-ROM (html).
- H. Stephen Kaye, PhD, Computer and Internet Use Among People with
Disabilities. Disabilities Statistics Report #13. Washington, DC:
US. Department of Education, National Institute on Disability and
Rehabilitation Research, March 2000. Accessed 7-14-2000. <http://dsc.ucsf.edu/UCSF/>.
- Barbara T. Mates, Adaptive Technology for the Internet: Making Electronic Resources
Accessible to All. Chicago: American Library Association, 2000. Free
online version at http://www.ala.org/editions/openstacks/insidethecovers/mates/mates_toc.html.
- Cathrine S. Fichten et al., "A comparison of postsecondary students
with disabilities and service providers. Views about computer and
information technologies." Paper presented at the 14th California
State University-Northridge Annual Conference (CSUN), Los Angeles, CA,
March 15-20, 1999. ERIC document ED432126 (1998).
- John Uhran J., Peter Beery and Melissa Wilkerson, "The Internet and
its importance for those with disabilities." 1 June 1998. In ED-MEDIA/ED-TELECOM
98 World Conference on Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia & World
Conference on Educational Telecommunications, Proceedings (10th,
Freiburg, Germany, June 20-25, 1998). ERIC document ED428730.
Library services to people with disabilities
- Cathrine J. Carter, "Providing Services for Students with Disabilities in
an Academic Library." Education Libraries 27 (2) (Winter 2004):
13-18.
- Bryna Coonin, "Enabling Scientists: Serving Sci-Tech
Library Users with Disabilities."Issues in Science and Technology
Librarianship. No. 32, Fall 2001. Accessed 10. Dec. 2001. <
http://www.library.ucsb.edu/istl/01-fall/article1.html>.
- Guidelines for Technical Issues in Request for Proposal (RFP) requirements and
Contract Negotiations. International Coalition of Library Consortia (ICOLC)
. Jan. 1999. Yale University Library. Accessed 11. Nov.
2001. <
http://www.library.yale.edu/consortia/techreq.html >
[see especially section I.d.].
- William Graczyk, "Library Service to the Blind and Physically Handicapped."
Accessed 1 May 2001.
<
http://www.execpc.com/~wgraczyk/libserv.html>.
- Linda Lou Wiler, "The Americans with Disabilities Act Compliance and
Academic Libraries in the Southeastern United States."
Journal of Southern Academic and Special Librarianship, 2(1), 2000.
<
http://southernlibrarianship.icaap.org/content/v02n01/wiler_l01.html>.
- Margaret McCasland and Michael Golden, "Improving ADA Access:
Critical Planning." The Reference Librarian, No. 67-68,
1999, pgs. 257-271. Also published in Wendi Arant and Pixey Anne Mosley,
eds, Library Outreach, Partnerships, and Distance Education:
Reference Librarians at the Gateway. New York: Hawthorne Press,
2000.
- Kirsty Williamson, Don Schauder and Amanda Bow, Information Seeking by
Blind and Sight Impaired Citizens: an Ecological Study." Information
Research. 5(4) 2000. Available at <http://informationr.net/ir/5-4/paper79.html>.
- Francesca Allegri, “On the Other Side of the Reference Desk: the Patron with a
Physical Disability.” Medical Reference Services Quarterly, 3(3), Fall
1984, pgs. 65-76.
- Nancy F. Gadbow and David A. DuBois, Adult learners with Special Needs.
Malabar,
FL: Krieger Publishing Co., 1998.
- Kate Lenn, "Library Services to Disabled Students: Outreach and
Education." The Reference Librarian, No. 53, 1996, pgs. 13-25.
- Jill Mendle, "Library Services for Persons with Disability." The Reference
Librarian, No. 49-50, 1995, pgs. 105-121.
- Tom McNulty, ed., Accessible Libraries on Campus. A Practical Guide for the
Creation of Disability-Friendly Libraries. Chicago:
ACRL-ALA, 1999.
- Accessibility Standards and Guidelines for Microcomputers at Washington
Libraries. Washington State Library. Library
Information Technology Work Group Information Web Site. 6. April 1999. Accessed 6. Oct. 2000.
<http://www.statelib.wa.gov/litwg/access.htm>.
|Back to the top of this page|
|Yellow-on-blue version|
|Go to my Web Accessibility Survey Homepage|
Created by Axel Schmetzke,
Library, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point.
Last updated
07/06/09
.
Comments are welcome! aschmetz@uwsp.edu
Other resources provided by this author:
Hugo Rheinhold's Philosophizing Monkey
and
CAL 21 Sailboat.
|
|
|
|
|
CAL
21 Sailboat
http://library.uwsp.edu/aschmetz/virtual_lib/ZFM/ZFM1914.htm